This post is from last year:
I'm sure this is something you've wondered about, but wonder no more for the answer is here. This post is from
The Art of Manliness.
I've checked and my ring finger is longer than my index by a fraction
of an inch...I just measured them, my index finger is 7.9 cm and my ring
finger is 8.1 cm for a ratio of 0.98 and in this case lower equates to
more masculine,
Stop what you’re doing and look at your hands.
Is your ring finger longer than your index finger?
If so, you were likely exposed to higher levels of testosterone while you were in your mother’s womb.
Is your index finger longer than your ring finger?
Then you were exposed to lower levels of T as a fetus.
So what?
Well,
while it might sound like hokey palm reading, researchers are finding
that the ratio between the length of your ring and index fingers may in
fact correlate to your prenatal exposure to T, and have a significant
influence on your body, brain, and behavior well into adulthood.
How
strong is this correlation and what exactly does it foretell? I’ve
dived deep into all the available research to sort myth from fact, and
present this comprehensive look at what digit ratio really means for
your masculinity.
Prenatal Testosterone, Androgen Receptors, and 2D:4D Finger Ratios
Scientists
have long noticed that men’s ring fingers are generally longer than
their index fingers. With women, it tends to be the reverse: their index
fingers are usually longer. They’ve called this difference in length
between the index finger and ring finger the “2D:4D ratio.”
2D
stands for “second digit” — that’s your index finger, and 4D means
“fourth digit” — your ring finger. So if your index finger is 2.9 inches
long and your ring finger is 3.1 inches long, you have a 2D:4D ratio of
.935 (2.9/3.1 = .935). A longer ring finger compared to your index
finger is considered a “low 2D:4D ratio.”
If
your index finger is 3.1 inches long and your ring finger is 2.9 inches
long, your 2D:4D ratio would be 1.06 (3.1/2.9 = 1.06). A longer index
finger compared to your ring finger is considered a “high 2D:4D ratio.”
Digit
ratios lie on a spectrum. Some men have really low digit ratios, like
.83, and some folks have really high digit ratios, like 1.06.
The Connection Between 2D:4D Ratio and Prenatal Hormones
While scientists during the mid-20
th century
were able to statistically establish this general difference between
men’s and women’s 2D:4D ratios, it wasn’t until the 1980s that
researchers began speculating as to
why this sex difference exists and how 2D:4D ratios may correlate with different gender traits.
Dr. Glenn Wilson of King’s College was one of the first to hypothesize that 2D:4D finger ratio was determined by sex hormone exposure in the womb.
In 1998, further strides were made when psychologist
John Manning of the University of Liverpool (now at Swansea University) published a
paper in
which he hypothesized that 2D:4D ratios are determined by prenatal
exposure to testosterone. Other researchers came to similar conclusions
using corollary evidence.
It
wasn’t until 2011, however, that scientists were able to directly show
that prenatal exposure to testosterone determines the 2D:4D ratio. While
prenatal testing and studies are difficult-to-impossible to ethically
conduct on human fetuses, the general difference between 2D:4D ratios in
human males and females also exists between the sexes of other animals.
Consequently, animal studies can provide insight into why these general
differences exist.
Developmental biologists
Martin Cohn and Zhengui Zheng conducted
experiments on fetal mice in which they modified the amounts of
testosterone they were exposed to in utero. What they discovered is that
it’s not just the
amount of fetal testosterone that determines digit ratio, but rather the
balance between
testosterone and estrogen. Mice with higher testosterone concentrations
or low estrogen levels had more male-like digit ratios (low 2D:4D
ratio), while mice with higher estrogen levels or low testosterone
levels had higher, more feminine digit ratios (high 2D:4D ratios).
Cohn
and Zheng posit that what’s true for mice is true for humans as well:
prenatal exposure to a mixture of testosterone and estrogen is what
determines 2D:4D ratios. So the lower your 2D:4D digit ratio is, the
more testosterone or less estrogen you were exposed to in the womb. The
higher your 2D:4D ratio, the less testosterone or more estrogen you were
exposed to as a fetus.
What Causes Differences in the Levels of Sex Hormones in the Womb?
What
causes these differences in the levels of sex hormones in the womb?
Scientists aren’t yet sure, though they have some hunches. Genetics
certainly play a role, both of the mother and the fetus. For one thing,
some r
esearch suggests
that mothers with elevated testosterone levels influence the
testosterone levels of their daughters (but there appears to be no such
influence with maternal testosterone on boys). Some
research has
also found that the first-born child, whether male or female, is
exposed to more estrogen prenatally, for reasons we don’t yet
understand.
Environmental factors are in play as well. For example, fetal testosterone levels are elevated in both males and females if the
mother smokes during pregnancy, but are
lower if the mother consumes alcohol.
A mother may also expose her baby to more estrogen in the womb if she
herself is exposed to a high level of “xenoestrogens,” chemicals that
imitate estrogens in the body, and that are found in nearly everything –
from plastics and gasoline to cosmetics and shampoo.
The
timing and duration of a fetus’ exposure to sex hormones matter, too.
If testosterone surges a little too late or early, the result can be a
male fetus that is male in both body and mind but isn’t as masculinized as he would be if the T surge had happened at the usual time.
Duration
of exposure may also influence how masculine or feminine your 2D:4D
ratio is and consequently, how masculine and feminine your body and mind
end up. Different parts of the fetal body and brain are open to
androgen sensitivity at different times during gestation. It’s possible
that you had a high testosterone to estrogen exposure during the period
in which penis formation occurs, but for some reason, it started to
peter out when 2D:4D formation happens or when other sex parts of the
body and mind are receptive to androgen. Consequently, you end up with a
higher, more female-like 2D:4D ratio despite being very masculine in
other areas.
What affects the timing and duration of the release of sex hormones in utero? Here again, researchers really aren’t sure.
While
scientists don’t definitively know why some individuals are exposed to
greater and lesser amounts of estrogen and testosterone in the womb,
they do know that 2D:4D ratios are directly caused by the make-up of
this hormonal mixture, and can use these ratios to explore possible
correlations between prenatal sex hormone exposure and other
psychological and physiological traits in individuals later on in life.
Testosterone, in particular, has what scientists call an “
organizational effect”
on the human mind and body — exposure to it during sensitive periods in
utero has permanent effects on mind, body, and behavior. Let’s take a
closer look at what some of those effects might be.
Correlations Between Gender Traits and 2D:4D Ratio
Below,
I highlight some of the possible correlations between your digit ratio
and traits that we often define as “masculine” and “feminine.”
But
first, a caveat. While researchers have found correlations between
2D:4D ratios and specific sex characteristics, they also note that these
correlations are sometimes weak. What’s more, some relationships
between 2D:4D ratios and sex traits that have been found in the past,
haven’t been replicated in other studies.
What’s more, it can’t be emphasized enough that these are correlational studies,
and as we all know, correlation does not equal causation. In many of
the popular media articles I’ve read about this subject and its
influence on different traits, digit ratio is often presented as
deterministic. I can see lots of people reading these articles and
looking at their fingers and thinking, “Well, my index finger is longer
than my ring finger. I’m destined to be a girly man for the rest of my
life.”
But
gender isn’t as simple as that. Yes, biology plays a role and prenatal
sex hormone exposure appears to have an influence on the masculinization
or feminization of an individual throughout his or her life. But the
biological component of gender is complex. As discussed above, it’s not
just the ratio of testosterone and estrogen you were exposed to
prenatally that may influence gender traits, but also the timing and
duration of that exposure which plays a role too. Also, the T surge at
puberty has a dramatic effect on masculinizing the body. What’s more, we
can’t discount the environmental influences on gender that we all
experience in our life, from our culture to our home environment to the
choices we make.
So,
as you look through the insights below, avoid the temptation to read
too much into them. Take them as food for thought and something to
consider — one tool among many in getting to know yourself better.
Note:
As you read this, keep in mind that 2D:4D ratio is used as a corollary
to testosterone/estrogen exposure in the womb. When you read “low
2D:4D,” think “higher testosterone/lower estrogen prenatal exposure,”
and when you read “high 2D:4D,” think “lower testosterone/higher
estrogen prenatal exposure.”
Aggression
Several correlational
studies have
found that individuals with a lower 2D:4D ratio tend to be more
aggressive than people with higher 2D:4D ratios. The theory is that
exposure to prenatal testosterone has organizational effects on the
brain that “masculinize” it and make it more prone to aggressive
behavior.
How Well Men Get Along With Women
Recent
research has
found that men with lower 2D:4D ratios are nicer to women than men with
higher 2D:4D ratios. According to the study’s lead author, Debbie
Moskowitz, “when with women, men with smaller ratios were more likely to
listen attentively, smile and laugh, compromise, or compliment the
other person.” Men with higher 2D:4D ratios tend to have a more
difficult time getting along with women.
A follow-up study by
another group of researchers found that men with lower 2D:4D ratios
make greater efforts to impress women while courting them compared to
men with higher 2D:4D ratios. They’re more likely to buy things like
flowers and spend more on dates. What’s more, men with low 2D:4D ratios
tend to spend more time and money on their appearance than men with
higher 2D:4D ratios.
These
findings might seem counterintuitive: wouldn’t a more masculine,
“alpha” man have trouble getting along with women, and not care about
things like style and romance? And wouldn’t a more feminized man find it
easier to get along with women?
A
man with more T, however, may be more driven to reproduce, and is thus
more motivated to learn how to woo women, while men with lower T have
less of this drive, and thus care less about their success with the
ladies.
It’s
interesting to note that researchers also found that women with higher,
more feminized 2D:4D ratios were more likely to put greater effort into
attracting men by staying fit, and wearing make-up and stylish clothes.
Women with lower 2D:4D ratios (who tend to grow up as tomboys) don’t
put in as much effort.
These correlational studies between digit ratio and mating effort may explain why men with lower 2D:4D digit ratios
tend to marry younger and have more children than men with higher 2D:4D ratios — they’re more likely to do the courting necessary to find a mate.
The Type of Woman You Marry (Depending on Environment)
In one
study among the semi-nomadic Himba population in Northern Namibia, researchers found that both men
and women
with lower, more masculine 2D:4D ratios tended to marry younger than
men and women with higher, more feminized 2D:4D ratios.
The
fact that Himba women with more masculine digit ratios were more likely
to be married than women with more feminized digit ratios is another
finding that may seem counterintuitive. You’d think the men would be
more attracted to the more feminine women. The researchers suggest that
men who live in harsh, resource-poor environments choose more masculine
women, selecting for the traits that will aid their partnership in
survival.
In peaceful, resource-abundant times,
men have the luxury of choosing mates who are not as hardy, but are
more attractive and feminine (and often have a high 2D:4D ratio).
Fidelity
Several studies suggest
that both men and women with lower 2D:4D ratios tend to be more
promiscuous than men and women with higher 2D:4D ratios, suggesting
prenatal exposure to testosterone can influence sexual behavior into
adulthood.
Athletic Ability
Dr.
Manning has published several research articles showing correlations
between low 2D:4D ratio and improved athletic ability across sports. In
fact, the lower the 2D:4D ratio gets, the more athletic ability tends to
improve.
For example, Dr. Manning found that low
2D:4D digit ratio correlates with running speed.
He actually put his reputation as the “finger scientist” on the line on
the BBC, when he predicted who would win a sprinting race simply by
looking at photographic copies of the competitors’ hands. He got 4 out
of 6 right; the two he got wrong finished close together.
Sports
that involve balls require an ability to make quick visual-spatial
judgments as to where a ball is going to land; Manning has found that
men with lower 2D:4D ratios perform better on tests of visual-spatial
ability. He theorizes that prenatal exposure to testosterone influences
the central nervous system to improve the capacity to make these
visual-spatial decisions.
Manning
has also found that star players in professional soccer teams in the
United Kingdom typically have lower 2D:4D ratios than the teams’ reserve
players.
Risk Taking
Several
studies have
found that a lower 2D:4D ratio is correlated with risk taking in men.
For example, one study found that men with lower 2D:4D ratios were more
likely to engage in “social and recreational” risks than men with higher
2D:4D ratios. Social risks are things like “speaking your mind about an
unpopular issue at a social occasion” and recreational risks are things
like taking part in mountain climbing or skydiving. The research found
the correlation in men only. No such relationship existed in women, even
those with lower 2D:4D ratios.
Another
study found
that men with lower 2D:4D ratios performed better in high-frequency
stock trading, partly because they were more likely to take financial
risks than men with higher 2D:4D ratios. I’d be curious to see a similar
study on differences in financial performance between individuals with
low and high 2D:4D ratios on long-term investing. I suspect that people
with higher 2D:4D ratios would do better.
Smoking and Drinking
Since the 19th century, smoking has often been associated with manliness, but in one
study,
Manning found that individuals with higher, more feminized 2D:4D ratios
actually smoked more than people with lower, more masculine 2D:4D
ratios.
With
alcohol consumption, low 2D:4D ratios correlate with higher drinking
and alcohol dependence, while high 2D:4D ratios correlate with lower
drinking and alcohol dependence.
Musical Ability
When
studying the
male members of an orchestra, Manning found that a lower 2D:4D ratio
correlated with chair position; that is, the men with lower 2D:4D ratios
tended to be ranked near the top in the orchestra. No such correlation
between low 2D:4D ratio and musical ability existed with women. In
fact,
a similar study performed
by another group of researchers which focused on female orchestral
musicians found that female musicians with higher, more feminized 2D:4D
ratios ranked higher in the orchestra.
Autism
Autism researcher
Simon Baron-Cohen has
called autism a manifestation of the “extreme male brain.” Males are
diagnosed with autism at a much higher frequency than females, and many
of the traits that individuals on the autism spectrum manifest are
typical male traits, amplified. For example, individuals on the autism
spectrum tend to show strengths in mathematical and spatial reasoning.
They also tend to have a higher risk of language impairment and a hard
time in social situations.
Manning and Baron-Cohen teamed
up on a study to see if there’s a correlation between 2D:4D ratio and
autism, and indeed they found one: children with autism had a lower
2D:4D ratio compared to population normative digit ratios. While the
causes of autism spectrum are complex, and there’s likely no single
cause, this study suggests that prenatal exposure to testosterone may
play a role.
Verbal Fluency
Individuals with higher, feminized 2D:4D ratios have more verbal fluency than people with lower 2D:4D ratio.
ADHD
If you have a hard time focusing and sitting still, your exposure to prenatal sex hormones may be partly to blame.
Studies have found correlations between low 2D:4D ratios and ADHD.
Risk of Depression and Anxiety
Elevated
testosterone levels have been shown to blunt depression and anxiety in
adult men and women. 2D:4D research suggests that prenatal testosterone
exposure may organize the brain in such a way as to make an individual
more or less susceptible to depression and anxiety as adults. Studies
have found that men and women with higher, more feminized 2D:4D ratios
have a higher risk of
developing depression and
anxiety compared to individuals with lower, more masculine 2D:4D ratios.
Risk for Heart Disease
As we discussed in our post about
the benefits of testosterone,
optimal levels of T as a grown man reduces the risk of developing heart
disease. But research suggests that testosterone’s heart-protecting
benefits may begin while you’re still a fetus. One
studyfound that men with lower 2D:4D ratios have a reduced risk of developing heart disease compared to men with higher ratios.
Risk for Obesity
Elevated
testosterone levels can ward off obesity as an adult, but elevated T
levels in the womb may program the body to fight fat later in life as
well.
Research has found that men with lower 2D:4D ratios tend to be less obese than men with higher 2D:4D levels.
Masculinized or Feminized Face
Masculine
faces, according to researchers, are more “robust.” The jaw is wider,
the forehead is smaller and shorter, the nose is broader and thicker,
eyebrows are thicker, and the eyes are closer together. Basically, your
head looks like
Thwomp from Super Mario. Or
Jocko Willink.
Feminine
faces are characterized by large foreheads, long slim eyebrows, narrow
cheeks, pointier jaws, and eyes that are further apart. On males, these
features make them look more pixie, or Peter Pan-like.
Researchers
believe that the testosterone surge which occurs at puberty is what
gives men their masculine-looking faces. And it does. When boys hit
puberty, their little chubby, round mugs start looking more like Thwomp.
But one
study suggests
that prenatal testosterone exposure sets the stage for how masculine a
male’s face will be at puberty. In fact, differences in how masculine a
boy’s face is can be seen even before puberty, and as you might have
guessed, 2D:4D ratio correlates with it.
When
researchers looked at a group of boys ages 4-11 and measured their
faces for masculine or feminine features, they found that boys with a
more masculine, square-shaped head had a lower 2D:4D ratio, while boys
with a slenderer, feminine face had a higher 2D:4D ratio.
Testosterone Levels as Adults
Most
studies have
found no correlation between 2D:4D ratio and adult testosterone levels.
So whether you have a masculine, low 2D:4D ratio or a more feminine,
high 2D:4D ratio won’t affect the amount of circulating testosterone in
your body as a grown man.
Manning conducted
one study that
suggests higher 2D:4D ratios may be correlated with less androgen
sensitivity. According to this conclusion, if you were exposed to less
prenatal testosterone as a fetus, your body simply won’t respond as much
to testosterone compared to men with lower, more masculine 2D:4D
ratios.
So
bottom line: if you’ve got a higher 2D:4D ratio, don’t worry about it
lowering your total and free testosterone levels as a grown man.
Penis Length
A recent
study out
of South Korea found a correlation between 2D:4D ratio and penis
length. Men with lower 2D:4D ratios tend to have longer penises when
flaccid, while men with higher 2D:4D ratios have shorter penises. The
researchers called for more studies on penis length and 2D:4D ratio in
men from other countries.
Risk for Prostate Cancer
It
may seem like most of the benefits cut the way of those with a lower
2D:4D ratio, but here’s one that goes the other way. We know that
elevated testosterone levels in adult men increase the risk of prostate
cancer. But research suggests that exposure to T while in the womb may
also influence your chances of getting prostate cancer as an adult. A
few
studies have
shown that men with lower 2D:4D ratios have a higher risk of prostate
cancer and other prostate diseases than men with higher 2D:4D ratios.
Sexual Orientation
One
of the most common correlations the popular media likes to talk about
in regards to 2D:4D ratios is the link to sexual orientation. But is
there really a connection? Research shows mixed conclusions — especially
with men.
Among males, some
studies have found that men with higher 2D:4D ratios are more likely to identify as gay. But other
studies found that homosexual men tend to have lower 2D:4D ratios than heterosexual men. Still other
research found that the correlation between 2D:4D ratio and sexual orientation depends on the country a man lives in. Finally,
a meta-analysis of all these different studies about sexual orientation and 2D:4D ratio found no significant correlations.
Basically, you can’t look at a man’s hands and determine if he’s gay or straight.
With
women, however, several studies have found that lesbians, particularly
those who identify as “butch,” have lower 2D:4D ratios than heterosexual
women or more feminine lesbians.
At
the end, I want to reiterate that while all this information and these
hypotheses are interesting, they’re correlational and not strictly
deterministic. If you have a high 2D:4D ratio, it shouldn’t be reason
for insecurity. The duration of hormones you received in the womb may
have made you masculine in other ways, but missed your fingers. And even
if you ultimately didn’t bathe in as much T as a fetus, that doesn’t
mean you can’t be manly as an adult. Masculinity, after all, comes
together at the crossroads between biology and choice. Follow Pindar’s
advice. Accept what nature has given you, and “become who you are.”
_______________________________________
Sources:
Dr.
Manning has been at the forefront of researching and curating research
about correlations between 2D:4D ratios and a wide variety of traits
like aggressiveness, math ability, and even sperm count. His book
Digit Ratio highlights much this research.
Interesting days
Tomorrow - Milk Chocolate Day,
Talk In An Elevator Day,
World Hepatitis Day and
System Administrator Appreciation Day
Next Thursday- White Wine Day, Watermelon Day,
India Pale Ale Day and
Clean Your Floors Day
August 27 -
"The Duchess" Who Wasn't Day,
International Bat Night,
Tug-of-War Day and
Pots De Creme Day
Posts
